The study area (Arctic Alaska, > 66:55◦ N) used for the soil model simulations and the locations of in situ sites used formodel calibration and validation; (b) an Alaska permafrost probability map (Pastick et al., 2015) is also shown, indicating higher permafrostoccurrence in Arctic Alaska. The in situ sites include the Prudhoe Meadow SoilSCAPE site, GTN-P soil temperature sites and CALM ALTsites. Airborne P-band radar data (denoted by green lines) were obtained in late August and early October in 2014 and 2015. Another radarflight line was collected over the Barrow area (not shown) but was not included in this analysis due to a large percent of surface water in thisarea.