Technical sodium gluconateSpray dryerCrytallizerCentrifugeRecycle to clarification stageSodium gluconate crystalsIon exchangeEvaporator50% gluconic acid solutionFig. 2.Typical conventional fermentation-based downstream purification schemes for gluconic acid [28].Conventional manufacturing and product recovery processesTraditionally gluconic acid has been produced by chemical, biochemical, electrochemical, bio-electrochemical, and enzymatic or fermentation route.