Furthermore, in our study, we noted

Furthermore, in our study, we noted a distinction between private and public instances of Bandura’s four sources of self-efficacy. That is, private instances are those that take place in front of a few or remain in the personal sphere, while public instances take place in front of many people. We suggest that creating conditions that allow for public sources of self-efficacy to emerge is a powerful method for developing self-efficacy. The simple, yet effective practices introduced through ARPA of visibly random grouping and nonroutine problems can help create those conditions. Our study highlights how the changes in the teachers’ practices allowed for improvement in Cristina’s self-efficacy and transformed a negative self-fulfilling feedback loop into a positive one.