Self-efficacy level (SEL) was calculated as follows: (a) low (nurses who selected a response of 1 or 2 on 80% or more of the subscale items); (b) high (nurses who selected a response of 9 or 10 on 80% or more of the subscale items); or (c) moderate (nurses who selected a response of 3–8 on 80% or more of the subscale items or who did not fall into the low or high group). Self-efficacy strength (SEST) refer to the average strength of self-efficacy perceptions within a particular dimension (subscale) of the construct. SEST scores on the Cognitive, Practical, and Affective subscales were calculated by totaling the subscale item responses and dividing the result by the number of subscale items, resulting in the mean score (Jeffreys, 2010a).