Experiments were conducted by alter

通过改变溶剂的乙酸（HAc）浓度，同时保持溶剂量恒定进行实验。HAc浓度选择为2m，4.6m和9m。图2A显示了在各种酸浓度下ZnO颗粒的微观结构以及每个样品的相应密度值。我们的实验发现表明，溶剂酸度的增加会在最终颗粒中产生密度并降低粒度。系统中的液体量保持恒定，以消除其对扩散速率的影响。但是，与预期相反，尽管液体量恒定且由于酸化增加而增加溶解度，但致密化却显着降低，这意味着过量的HAc浓度会对CSP中的扩散机理产生负面影响。一旦确定了产生最大晶粒尺寸的HAc浓度（2m），就研究了工作温度的影响。当考虑较低的温度（从1208C代替300 8C）时，在2m HAc下观察到低密度和晶粒尺寸的急剧减小（图2 C）。发现残留乙酸盐<br>低温不能分解的GBs（图S4）[7]，并导致较小的晶粒长大。换句话说，假设残留酸物质的存在会改变界面化学，进而阻止扩散机制的激活，从而加快晶粒的生长速度。因此，揭示抑制过程可以进一步帮助解释支持CSP机制的细节。

Experiments were conducted by altering the acetic acid (HAc) concentration of the solvent while the solvent amount was kept constant. The HAc concentrations were selected as 2m, 4.6m, and 9m. Figure 2A shows the microstructures of ZnO pellets at various acid concentrations and the corresponding density values of each sample. Our experimental findings show that an increase in the acidity of the solvent yields density and grain size reduction in the final pellet. The liquid amount in the system was kept constant to eliminate its impact on the diffusion rates. However, in contrast to expectations, the densification dramatically decreases despite constant liquid amounts and increased dissolution due to increased acidification, which implies a negative effect of excess HAc concentrations on the diffusion mechanisms in effect in CSP. Once the HAc concentration yielding the highest grain size was determined (2m), the effect of the operating temperature was investigated. When lower temperatures were considered (1208C instead of 300 8C), low density and a drastic decrease in grain size were observed with 2m HAc (Figure 2 C). Residual acetate species were found in<br>GBs, which low temperatures could not decompose (Figure S4)[7] and cause smaller grain development. In other words, it is hypothesized that the presence of residual acid species alters the interfacial chemistry, and in turn, prevents the activation of the diffusion mechanism enabling accelerated grain growth rates. Therefore, unveiling the inhibitory process could further aid explanations of the details underpinning the CSP mechanism.

在溶剂用量不变的情况下，通过改变溶剂的醋酸浓度进行实验。选择HAc浓度为2m、4.6m和9m。图2A显示了不同酸浓度下ZnO颗粒的微观结构和每个样品的相应密度值。实验结果表明，随着溶剂酸度的增加，最终颗粒的密度和粒径减小。系统中的液体量保持恒定，以消除其对扩散速率的影响。然而，与预期相反，尽管液体量不变，但密度显著降低，并且由于酸化程度增加而溶解增加，这意味着过量的HAc浓度对CSP中有效的扩散机制产生负面影响。一旦确定产生最大粒径的HAc浓度（2m），就研究了操作温度的影响。当考虑较低的温度（1208C而不是3008c）时，用2mhac观察到低密度和晶粒尺寸的急剧减小（图2c）。在<br>GBs，低温不能分解（图S4）[7]并导致较小的晶粒发育。换言之，假设残余酸物种的存在改变了界面化学，并反过来阻止了使晶粒加速生长的扩散机制的激活。因此，揭示抑制过程有助于进一步解释CSP机制下的细节。<br>