Background: Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) to prevent acute kidney injury (AKI) following cardiac and vascular interventions is a controversial practice.Study Design: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis using the MEDLINE database (1966through November 2013), EMBASE (1988 through November 2013), and Cochrane Library database.Setting & Population: Patients undergoing cardiac and vascular interventions.Selection Criteria for Studies: Randomized controlled trials comparing patient outcome with or withoutRIPC for prevention of AKI following cardiac and vascular interventions.Intervention: RIPC using an inflatable tourniquet around the limb or cross-clamping the iliac arteries versusnon-RIPC.Outcomes: AKI, need for renal replacement therapy, postoperative kidney biomarkers, in-hospital mortality,and length of intensive care unit and hospital stay.Results: 13 trials (1,334 participants) were included. RIPC decreased the risk of AKI for patients undergoingcardiac and vascular interventions compared with the control group (11 trials; 1,216 participants; risk ratio[RR], 0.70; 95% CI, 0.48-1.02; P 5 0.06; I2 5 45%) with marginal statistical significance. There were no differences in levels of postoperative kidney biomarkers (serum creatinine and glomerular filtration rate), incidence of renal replacement therapy, in-hospital mortality, hospital stay, or intensive care unit stay between the2 groups. Metaregression analysis indicated that contrast intervention was not a covariate contributingsignificantly to heterogeneity on the risk estimate for AKI incidence; also, there was no dose effect of RIPCusing tourniquet cuff around the limb on AKI prevention based on different ischemia duration.Limitations: Different AKI definitions adopted in the trials included.Conclusions: RIPC might be beneficial for the prevention of AKI following cardiac and vascular interventions, but the current evidence is not robust enough to make a recommendation. Adequately poweredtrials are needed to provide more evidence in the future.
Background: Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) to prevent acute kidney injury (AKI) following cardiac and vascular interventions is a controversial practice.<br>Study Design: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis using the MEDLINE database (1966<br>through November 2013), EMBASE (1988 through November 2013), and Cochrane Library database.<br>Setting & Population: Patients undergoing cardiac and vascular interventions.<br>Selection Criteria for Studies: Randomized controlled trials comparing patient outcome with or without<br>RIPC for prevention of AKI following cardiac and vascular interventions.<br>Intervention: RIPC using an inflatable tourniquet around the limb or cross-clamping the iliac arteries versus<br>non-RIPC.<br>Outcomes: AKI, need for renal replacement therapy, postoperative kidney biomarkers, in-hospital mortality,<br>and length of intensive care unit and hospital stay.<br>Results: 13 trials (1,334 participants) were included. RIPC decreased the risk of AKI for patients undergoing<br>cardiac and vascular interventions compared with the control group (11 trials; 1,216 participants; risk ratio<br>[RR], 0.70; 95% CI, 0.48-1.02; P 5 0.06; I2 5 45%) with marginal statistical significance. There were no differences in levels of postoperative kidney biomarkers (serum creatinine and glomerular filtration rate), incidence of renal replacement therapy, in-hospital mortality, hospital stay, or intensive care unit stay between the<br>2 groups. Metaregression analysis indicated that contrast intervention was not a covariate contributing<br>significantly to heterogeneity on the risk estimate for AKI incidence; also, there was no dose effect of RIPC<br>using tourniquet cuff around the limb on AKI prevention based on different ischemia duration.<br>Limitations: Different AKI definitions adopted in the trials included.<br>Conclusions: RIPC might be beneficial for the prevention of AKI following cardiac and vascular interventions, but the current evidence is not robust enough to make a recommendation. Adequately powered<br>trials are needed to provide more evidence in the future.
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