He regards it as so discountable, in fact,that he is prepared to say that directly located objects can 'be identified without a mediating reference to any other particular at air . When he says that this implicit reference to speaker and hearer is absolutely general,he has in mind the two connected points, first, that it is present in any demonstrative reference whatsoever, and not merely in such reference to some special class of particulars, and, second, that it is an implicit reference to persons merely in their capacity as speaker or hearer of the utterances that bear the reference, and not in any more substantial sense.