We have demonstrated the protective effects of RIC inlimiting IRI in the rat kidney. RIPerC, RIPostC, andRIPerC ? RIPostC treatments were all equally beneficial,and possibly exerted their effects by enhancing antioxidantactivity and decreasing inflammation in the injured renaltissues. The RIPerC ? RIPostC protocol did not show anadditive effect from the combination of perconditioningand postconditioning. This may be because each protocolconsisted of 4 remote I/R cycles, which in theRIPerC ? RIPostC protocol were split evenly betweenperconditioning and postconditioning.