Wax esters are neutral lipids compo

Wax esters are neutral lipids composed of aliphatic alcohols and acids, with both moietiesusually long-chain (C16 and C18) or very-long-chain (C20 and longer) carbon structures. Theyhave diverse biological functions in bacteria, insects, mammals and terrestrial plants, and are alsoimportant substrates for a variety of industrial applications. In plants, wax esters are mostlyfound in the cuticles coating the primary shoot surfaces, but they also accumulate to highconcentrations in the seed oils of a few plant species, including jojoba, a desert shrub which isthe major commercial source of these compounds. Here we report the identification andcharacterization of WSD1, a member of the bifunctional wax ester synthase/diacylglycerolacyltransferase gene family, which plays a key role in wax ester synthesis in Arabidopsis stems,as first evidenced by severely reduced wax ester levels of in the stem wax of wsd1 mutants. Invitro assays using protein extracts from E. coli expressing WSD1 showed that this enzyme has ahigh level of WS activity, and approximately tenfold lower level of DGAT activity. Expressionof the WSD1 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in the accumulation of wax esters, butnot triacylglycerol, indicating that WSD1 predominantly functions as a wax synthase. Analysesof WSD1 expression revealed that this gene is transcribed in flowers, top parts of stems andleaves. Fully functional yellow fluorescent protein-tagged WSD1 protein was localized to theendoplasmic reticulum, demonstrating that biosynthesis of wax esters, the final products of thealcohol-forming pathway, occurs in this subcellular compartment.

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结果 (简体中文) 1: [复制]

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蜡酯是由脂族醇和酸组成的中性脂质，两个部分 通常都是长链（C16和C18）或超长链（C20和更长）的碳结构。它们 在细菌，昆虫，哺乳动物和陆生植物中具有多种生物学功能，并且还是 多种工业应用的重要底物。在植物中，蜡酯主要 存在于覆盖初生芽表面的角质层中，但它们也会 在一些植物物种的种子油中积聚高浓度，其中包括荷荷巴油，沙漠灌木是 这些化合物的主要商业来源。在这里我们报告 WSD1 的鉴定和表征，WSD1是双功能蜡酯合酶/二酰甘油的成员 酰基转移酶基因家族，在拟南芥茎蜡酯合成中起关键作用， 最早通过wsd1突变体茎蜡中蜡酯水平的严重降低来证明。在 使用的蛋白质提取物来自大肠杆菌表达WSD1体外测定表明，这种酶具有 WS活性的高电平，并且大约十倍DGAT活性的较低的水平。 WSD1基因在酿酒酵母中的表达导致蜡酯而 不是三酰基甘油的积累，表明WSD1主要起蜡合酶的作用。 对WSD1表达的分析表明，该基因在花，茎和 叶的顶部转录。全功能黄色荧光蛋白标签的WSD1蛋白位于 内质网，表明该 醇形成途径的最终产物蜡酯的生物合成发生在该亚细胞区室中。

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结果 (简体中文) 2:[复制]

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Wax esters are neutral lipids composed of aliphatic alcohols and acids, with both moieties usually long-chain (C16 and C18) or very-long-chain (C20 and longer) carbon structures. They have diverse biological functions in bacteria, insects, mammals and terrestrial plants, and are also important substrates for a variety of industrial applications. In plants, wax esters are mostly found in the cuticles coating the primary shoot surfaces, but they also accumulate to high concentrations in the seed oils of a few plant species, including jojoba, a desert shrub which is the major commercial source of these compounds. Here we report the identification and characterization of WSD1, a member of the bifunctional wax ester synthase/diacylglycerol acyltransferase gene family, which plays a key role in wax ester synthesis in Arabidopsis stems, as first evidenced by severely reduced wax ester levels of in the stem wax of wsd1 mutants. In vitro assays using protein extracts from E. coli expressing WSD1 showed that this enzyme has a high level of WS activity, and approximately tenfold lower level of DGAT activity. Expression of the WSD1 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae resulted in the accumulation of wax esters, but not triacylglycerol, indicating that WSD1 predominantly functions as a wax synthase. Analyses of WSD1 expression revealed that this gene is transcribed in flowers, top parts of stems and leaves. Fully functional yellow fluorescent protein-tagged WSD1 protein was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, demonstrating that biosynthesis of wax esters, the final products of the alcohol-forming pathway, occurs in this subcellular compartment.

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结果 (简体中文) 3:[复制]

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蜡酯是由脂肪醇和脂肪酸组成的中性脂类，两者都有 碳链（C16）和长链（C18）通常为长链结构。他们 在细菌、昆虫、哺乳动物和陆生植物中具有多种生物学功能 各种工业应用的重要基材。在植物中，蜡酯主要是 在初生芽表面的角质层中发现，但它们也积累到很高 几种植物种子油的浓度，包括霍霍巴，一种沙漠灌木 这些化合物的主要商业来源。我们在这里报告身份和 双功能蜡酯合酶/甘油二酯成员WSD1的特性研究 酰基转移酶基因家族，在拟南芥茎蜡酯合成中起关键作用， 首先证明wsd1突变体茎蜡中的蜡酯水平严重降低。在 用表达WSD1的大肠杆菌的蛋白质提取物进行体外试验表明，这种酶具有 WS活性高，DGAT活性低10倍左右。表达式 在酿酒酵母中，WSD1基因的表达导致蜡酯的积累 不是三酰甘油，表明WSD1主要起蜡合酶的作用。分析 WSD1的表达表明，该基因在花、茎的顶部和 离开。全功能黄色荧光蛋白标记的WSD1蛋白定位于 内质网，表明生物合成蜡酯，最终产物 酒精形成途径，发生在这个亚细胞室。

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